Display apparatus and method of manufacturing the same

ABSTRACT

A display apparatus includes a light-source substrate portion which generates light; and a color control portion to which the generated light from the light-source substrate portion is incident and at which color of the generated light is adjusted to define a color-converted light having a color different from that of the generated light. The color control portion includes: an exit surface through which the color-converted light exits the color control portion; a substrate including a plurality of concave portions defined therein, each of the concave portions extended along a direction from the light-source substrate portion to the exit surface of the color control portion; and a plurality of color conversion members respectively in the plurality of concave portions, the color conversion members each including a color-converting material which converts the color of the generated light to the color of the color-converted light.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser.No. 16/134,014 filed on Sep. 18, 2018, which claims priority to KoreanPatent Application No. 10-2017-0152511, filed on Nov. 15, 2017, and allthe benefits accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C. § 119, the disclosure ofwhich is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

The present disclosure relates to display apparatuses and methods ofmanufacturing the display apparatuses.

2. Description of the Related Art

Quantum dots are semiconductor crystals having a nanometer size and theenergy bandgap of a quantum dot may be adjusted according to the sizeand shape of the quantum dot. When the size of a semiconductor materialis reduced to a nanometer size like quantum dots, unique opticalcharacteristics may be obtained due to a quantum mechanics phenomenon.In particular, quantum dots are being researched as a next generationdisplay material because the quantum dots have relatively high emissionefficiency and a relatively narrow full width at half maximum (“FWHM”)in a visible range.

SUMMARY

Provided are configurations and technologies to improve color conversionand light extraction efficiencies by quantum dots (“QDs”) inimplementing a color conversion member using QDs.

Provided are display apparatuses including a color conversion memberusing QDs, and having excellent light efficiency and colorcharacteristics.

Provided are methods of manufacturing the display apparatuses.

Additional features will be set forth in part in the description whichfollows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may belearned by practice of the presented embodiments.

According to an embodiment, a display apparatus includes a light-sourcesubstrate portion which generates light; and a color control portion towhich the generated light from the light-source substrate portion isincident and at which color of the generated light is adjusted to definea color-converted light having a color different from that of thegenerated light. The color control portion includes: an exit surfacethrough which the color-converted light exits the color control portion;a substrate including a plurality of concave portions defined therein,each of the concave portions extended along a direction from thelight-source substrate portion to the exit surface of the color controlportion; and a plurality of color conversion members respectively in theplurality of concave portions, the color conversion members eachincluding a color-converting material which converts the color of thegenerated light to the color of the color-converted light.

Each of the plurality of concave portions may include a first portionand a second portion sequentially arranged in the direction from thelight-source substrate portion to the exit surface of the color controlportion, the first portion being arranged closer to the light-sourcesubstrate portion than the second portion. A width of the first portionand the second portion may be taken in a direction along thelight-source substrate portion. As a distance to the light-sourcesubstrate portion decreases along the direction from the light-sourcesubstrate portion to the exit surface of the color control portion, thewidth of the first portion decreases to define a width change rate ofthe first portion, and the width change rate of the first portion may begreater than a width change rate of the second portion.

Along the direction from the light-source substrate portion to the exitsurface of the color control portion, the width of the second portionmay be substantially constant.

In cross-section, the first portion may have a round shape.

Each of the plurality of concave portions may have a shape of any one ofa microlens, a pyramid, a tapered hexagonal column and a cone.

The light-source substrate portion may include a plurality of subpixelareas, and each of the plurality of concave portions may be disposed inone-to-one correspondence with the plurality of subpixel areas.

The light-source substrate portion may include a plurality of subpixelareas, the plurality of concave portions may include a plurality offirst concave portions each corresponding to a same first subpixel area,and within the same first subpixel area, two adjacent first concaveportions may contact each other.

The plurality of concave portions may further include a plurality ofsecond concave portions each corresponding to a same second subpixelarea, the same second subpixel area being sequentially arranged with thefirst subpixel area within the light-source substrate portion, theplurality of first concave portions may together form a group thereofwithin the same first subpixel area and the plurality of second concaveportions may together form a group thereof within the same secondsubpixel area, and within the substrate of the color control portion,the group of the plurality of first concave portions and the group ofthe plurality of second concave portions may be spaced apart from eachother.

The color control portion may further include an incident surfacethrough which the generated light is incident to the color controlportion, an upper surface of the substrate may include the exit surfaceand a lower surface of the substrate may include the incident surface,upper ends of concave portions may coincide with the upper surface ofthe substrate, and lower ends of the plurality of concave portions whichare closest to the light-source substrate portion may meet thelight-source substrate portion at a zero dimension point or at atwo-dimensional area.

The color control portion may further include an incident surfacethrough which the generated light is incident to the color controlportion, an upper surface of the substrate may include the exit surfaceand a lower surface of the substrate may include the incident surface,upper ends of the plurality of concave portions may coincide with theupper surface of the substrate, and along the direction from thelight-source substrate portion to the exit surface of the color controlportion, lower ends of the plurality of concave portions which areclosest to the light-source substrate portion may be spaced apart fromthe light-source substrate portion.

The substrate of the color control portion may have a first refractiveindex, and the plurality of color conversion members may have a secondrefractive index, the second refractive index being greater than thefirst refractive index.

The plurality of color conversion members may include a firstcolor-converting material including a first quantum dot which convertsthe color of the generated light from the light-source substrate portionto red light, and a second color-converting material a second quantumdot which converts the color of the generated light from thelight-source substrate portion to green light.

The color control portion may further include a light scattering memberor a light transmission member in a concave portion different from theplurality of concave portions in which the plurality of color conversionmembers are disposed. Each of the light scattering member and the lighttransmission member may not color-convert the generated light from thelight-source substrate portion.

The light-source substrate portion may include an organic light emittingdevice (“OLED”) substrate, and the OLED substrate may include any one ofa blue-OLED substrate, a white-OLED substrate and a cyan-OLED substrate.

The light-source substrate portion may include an organic light emittingdevice (“OLED”), an inorganic light-emitting device (“LED”) or abacklight unit (“BLU”) which generates the light.

The generated from the light-source substrate portion may have a centerwavelength of about 550 nanometers (nm) or less, and the color-convertedlight from the plurality of color conversion members may have a centerwavelength of about 450 nm or more and about 1200 nm or less.

The light-source substrate portion may include a first substrate onwhich is disposed a light-source device portion with which thelight-source substrate portion is driven to generate the light, thesubstrate of the color control portion may be a second substratedifferent from the first substrate of the light-source substrate, andthe light-source device portion may be provided between the firstsubstrate and the second substrate.

The light-source substrate portion may include a first substrate and alight-source device portion provided on the first substrate, and thefirst substrate may correspond to the substrate of the color controlportion.

According to another embodiment, a display apparatus includes: anorganic light emitting device (“OLED”) panel which generates light; anda color control portion to which the generated light from the OLED panelis incident and at which color of the generated light is adjusted todefine a color-converted light having a color different from that of thegenerated light. The color control portion includes: an exit surfacethrough which the color-converted light exits the color control portion;a substrate including a plurality of concave portions defined therein,each of the concave portions extended along a direction from the OLEDpanel to the exit surface of the color control portion; and a pluralityof color conversion members respectively in the plurality of concaveportions, the color conversion members each including a color-convertingmaterial which converts the color of the generated light to the color ofthe color-converted light. The OLED panel includes a plurality ofsubpixel areas at which the color-converted light is emitted to displayan image, and the plurality of concave portions of the color controlportion are disposed in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality ofsubpixel areas of the OLED panel.

Each of the plurality of concave portions may include a first portionand a second portion sequentially arranged in the direction from theOLED panel to the exit surface of the color control portion, the firstportion being arranged closer to the OLED panel than the second portion.A width of the first portion and the second portion may be taken in adirection along the organic light emitting device panel, and as adistance to the OLED panel decreases along the direction from the OLEDpanel to the exit surface of the color control portion, the width of thefirst portion may decrease to define a width change rate of the firstportion, and the width change rate of the first portion may be greaterthan a width change rate of the second portion.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and/or other features will become apparent and more readilyappreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a display apparatus according to anembodiment;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a display apparatus according to amodified embodiment of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a display apparatus according toanother modified embodiment of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 4A and 4B are cross-sectional views for explaining an opticalwaveguide and light extraction principle using a color conversion memberapplicable to display apparatuses, according to embodiments;

FIG. 5 is a view for explaining a problem of a quantum dot (“QD”) colorfilter according to a comparative example;

FIG. 6 illustrates a light efficiency improvement effect by a colorconversion member according to an embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a display apparatus according toanother embodiment;

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a display apparatus according tostill another embodiment;

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a display apparatus according to amodified embodiment of FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a detailed configuration of adisplay apparatus according to an embodiment;

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a detailed configuration of adisplay apparatus according to another embodiment; and

FIGS. 12A to 12C are cross-sectional views of a method of manufacturinga display apparatus, according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various example embodiments will now be described more fully withreference to the accompanying drawings in which example embodiments areshown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms,and should not be construed as limited to the example embodiments setforth herein. Rather, these example embodiments are provided so thatthis disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey thescope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like referencenumerals refer to like elements throughout.

It will be understood that when an element is referred to as beingrelated to another element such as being “connected” or “coupled” toanother element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the otherelement or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when anelement is referred to as being related to another element such as being“directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there areno intervening elements present.

It will be understood that, although the terms “first”, “second”, etc.may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions,layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layersand/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms areonly used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer orsection from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus,a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed belowcould be termed a second element, component, region, layer or sectionwithout departing from the teachings of example embodiments.

Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,”“upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description todescribe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) orfeature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that thespatially relative terms are intended to encompass differentorientations of the device in use or operation in addition to theorientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in thefigures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” otherelements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elementsor features. Thus, the exemplary term “below” can encompass both anorientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented(rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relativedescriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of exampleembodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” areintended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearlyindicates otherwise. “At least one” is not to be construed as limiting“a” or “an.” As used herein the term “and/or” includes any and allcombinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will befurther understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” whenused in this specification, specify the presence of stated features,integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do notpreclude the presence or addition of one or more other features,integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groupsthereof.

Furthermore, relative terms, such as “lower” or “bottom” and “upper” or“top,” may be used herein to describe one element's relationship toanother element as illustrated in the Figures. It will be understoodthat relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations ofthe device in addition to the orientation depicted in the Figures. Forexample, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elementsdescribed as being on the “lower” side of other elements would then beoriented on “upper” sides of the other elements. The exemplary term“lower,” can therefore, encompasses both an orientation of “lower” and“upper,” depending on the particular orientation of the figure.Similarly, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elementsdescribed as “below” or “beneath” other elements would then be oriented“above” the other elements. The exemplary terms “below” or “beneath”can, therefore, encompass both an orientation of above and below.

Example embodiments are described herein with reference tocross-sectional illustrations that are schematic illustrations ofidealized embodiments (and intermediate structures) of exampleembodiments. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations asa result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances,are to be expected. Thus, example embodiments should not be construed aslimited to the particular shapes of regions illustrated herein but areto include deviations in shapes that result, for example, frommanufacturing. For example, an implanted region illustrated as arectangle will, typically, have rounded or curved features and/or agradient of implant concentration at its edges rather than a binarychange from implanted to non-implanted region. Likewise, a buried regionformed by implantation may result in some implantation in the regionbetween the buried region and the surface through which the implantationtakes place. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematicin nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the actualshape of a region of a device and are not intended to limit the scope ofexample embodiments.

“About” or “approximately” as used herein is inclusive of the statedvalue and means within an acceptable range of deviation for theparticular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art,considering the measurement in question and the error associated withmeasurement of the particular quantity (i.e., the limitations of themeasurement system). For example, “about” can mean within one or morestandard deviations, or within ±30%, 20%, 10% or 5% of the stated value.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientificterms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by oneof ordinary skill in the art to which example embodiments belong. Itwill be further understood that terms, such as those defined incommonly-used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaningthat is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant artand will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal senseunless expressly so defined herein.

Hereinafter, display apparatuses and methods of manufacturing the sameaccording to embodiments are described in detail with reference to theaccompanying drawings. In the drawings, widths and thicknesses of layersor regions may be exaggerated to a degree for clarity of thespecification and for convenience of description. Throughout thedetailed description section of the present inventive concept, likereference numerals denote like constituent elements.

When quantum dots are applied to generate and emit light within adisplay apparatus, light emission by the quantum dots is generally madein an isotropic direction, without any particular directivity. Thus,where light emission by the quantum dots is generally made without anyparticular directivity, light conversion and light extractionefficiencies are relatively very low. Thus, technologies to improve thelight conversion and light extraction efficiencies by quantum dots aredesired.

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a display apparatus according to anembodiment.

Referring to FIG. 1, a light-source substrate portion 100 may beprovided, and a color control portion 200A for adjusting color of lightgenerated from the light-source substrate portion 100 may be provided ona surface of the light-source substrate portion 100. The color controlportion 200A may define a light exit surface of the display apparatuswithout being limited thereto.

The light-source substrate portion 100 may be a light source organiclight-emitting device (“OLED”) or an OLED substrate (OLED panel). Inthis case, the OLED substrate may collectively be, for example, one of ablue-OLED substrate generating blue light, a white-OLED substrategenerating white (W) light and a cyan-OLED substrate generating cyanlight. However, the colors of light emitted from the OLED substrate arenot limited thereto and may be variously changed.

In a detailed example, the light-source substrate portion 100 mayinclude a substrate (base) layer 110 and an emission unit 150 (e.g.,light emission member) which is provided on the substrate layer 110. Theemission unit 150 may be sectioned into a plurality of areas by a pixeldefining layer 130. The plurality of areas may each respectively belight-emitting areas. Accordingly, it may be regarded that a pluralityof emission units as light-emitting areas are provided as the collectiveemission unit 150. Light for displaying an image may be generated at theplurality of emission units. The emission unit 150 may include anorganic-based emission layer (that is, an organic emission layer) withwhich light for displaying the image is generated within the displayapparatus.

The light-source substrate portion 100 may be sectioned into a pluralityof subpixel areas PX1, PX2 and PX3. The subpixel areas PX1, PX2, and PX3may include, for example, a first subpixel area PX1, a second subpixelarea PX2 and a third subpixel area PX3. However, the configuration ofthe light-source substrate portion 100 is not limited thereto and may bevariously changed. Light for displaying the image may be generatedand/or emitted at each of the plurality of subpixel areas, without beinglimited thereto.

The display apparatus and/or components thereof, may be disposed in aplane defined by a first direction and/or a second direction which crosseach other. The horizontal direction of the view in FIG. 1 may representthe first direction and/or the second direction. In an embodiment, thesubpixel areas of the display apparatus may be arranged in the firstdirection and/or the second direction along the substrate layer 110. Athickness of the display apparatus and/or components thereof, may bedefined along a third direction which crosses the first and seconddirections. The vertical direction of the view in FIG. 1 represents thethird (thickness) direction.

Furthermore, the light-source substrate portion 100 is not limited to anOLED substrate, and may include an inorganic-based light-emitting diode(“LED”) or a backlight unit (“BLU”). That is, the light-source substrateportion 100 may be used in a display panel which is self-emissive orwith a display panel which receives light generated outside thereof, todisplay an image. In an embodiment, when the BLU is used, a displaypanel within a liquid crystal device which receives light generated andemitted by the backlight unit may be used together with the BLU.

The color control portion 200A may include a substrate material layer210, and a concave portion R10 may be defined or formed in plurality inthe substrate material layer 210 such as by portions thereof. Theconcave portions R10 may be disposed or formed to extend toward thelight-source substrate portion 100 from a light exit surface of thedisplay apparatus. In other words, the concave portions R10 may bedisposed or formed to have a length in a direction perpendicular to thelight-source substrate portion 100 (e.g., vertical direction in FIG. 1,along a thickness direction). The concave portion R10 may be penetratethrough the substrate material layer 210 to be open at both the lightexit surface of the display apparatus and a light incident surface ofthe color control portion 200A.

The color control portion 200A may include a color conversion member 250a and 250 b respectively provided in the concave portions R10 andincluding quantum dots (“QDs”). The color conversion members 250 a and250 b may each be provided in plurality within the color control portion200A, without being limited thereto. The color conversion members 250 aand 250 b may be exposed to outside the display apparatus at the exitsurface thereof, without being limited thereto.

The first and second color conversion members 250 a and 250 b mayinclude, for example, the first color conversion member 250 a having afirst QD and the second color conversion member 250 b having a secondQD, respectively. The first QD may be, for example, a material whichconverts a wavelength of light incident thereto to red light forimplementation of a red color used in displaying the image, and thesecond QD may be, for example, a material which converts a wavelength oflight incident thereto to green light for implementation of a greencolor used in displaying the image.

Furthermore, the color control portion 200A may further include a lightscattering member 250 c provided in any one of the concave portions R10.The light scattering member 250 c may not be provided in a concaveportion R10 in which the first and second color conversion members 250 aand 250 b are disposed, without being limited thereto. The lightscattering member 250 c may not include a wavelength-converting materialsuch as the QDs discussed above. That is, the color control portion 200Amay include a concave portion R10 at which light incident thereto is notcolor-converted such that the same color light is incident to andemitted from this particular concave portion R10. In an embodiment, thelight scattering member 250 c may be replaced with a light transmissionmember having no light-scattering function, and the light transmissionmember may not include QDs. That is, the light transmission member maymerely transmit light incident thereto. The light scattering member 250c and/or the light transmission member may be exposed to outside thedisplay apparatus at the exit surface thereof (e.g., at the open end ofthe concave portion R10), without being limited thereto. For convenienceof description, label 250 may be used to generally refer to a colorconversion member or the light scattering (or transmission) memberdiscussed above.

The concave portions R10 may be configured to improve color conversionand light extraction through the first and second color conversionmembers 250 a and 250 b disposed or formed therein. Each of the concaveportions R10 may include a “first portion” and a “second portion” whichare sequentially arranged along a thickness (e.g., height direction,vertical direction in FIG. 1) of the color control portion 200A. Thefirst portion may be arranged relatively closer to the light-sourcesubstrate portion 100 than the second portion. In FIG. 1, roughly withrespect to a point A, a lower portion of each of the concave portionsR10 may correspond to the first portion, and an upper portion of each ofthe concave portions R10 may correspond to the second portion. The firstportion may include an entirety of the concave portion R10 from point Ato a point closest to the light-source substrate portion 100, while thesecond portion may include an entirety of the concave portion R1 fromthe point A to a point furthest from the light-source substrate portion100.

A width of the concave portion R10, taken in the first and/or seconddirections (e.g., along the substrate layer 110, for example), changesalong the thickness direction of the color control portion 200A. A widthchange rate of the first portion may be greater than a width change rateof the second portion. The width of the first portion may decrease alonga length of the concave portion R10, in a direction towards thelight-source substrate portion 100. The width change of the secondportion may be relatively small or may be substantially unchanged,compared to the width change of the first portion. In the latter case,the width of the second portion may be almost constant.

Furthermore, referring to the cross-sectional view of FIG. 1, at least apart of the first portion of the concave portion R10 may have a round orcurved shape. In connection with the shape/structure of each of theconcave portions R10, color conversion and light extraction efficienciesmay be improved through the first and second color conversion members250 a and 250 b disposed or formed in the concave portions R10, whichwill be described below in detail with reference to FIGS. 4A and 4B andFIG. 6.

The first color conversion member 250 a may be a member includingRed-QD, and may convert an incident color light emitted from thelight-source substrate portion 100 and incident to the color controlportion 200A at the first color conversion member 250 a, to red (R)light. The second color conversion member 250 b may be a memberincluding Green-QD, and may convert the incident color light emittedfrom the light-source substrate portion 100 and incident to the colorcontrol portion 200A at the second color conversion member 250 b, togreen (G) light.

In an embodiment of manufacturing a display apparatus, the first andsecond color conversion members 250 a and 250 b may be formed bycombining a resin (base) material and QDs. The first and second colorconversion members 250 a and 250 b may be formed by further combining alight scattering agent to the resin material and/or the QDs. The firstand second color conversion members 250 a and 250 b may be anorganic/inorganic combination including QDs and a polymer medium.

The light scattering member 250 c may include a resin (base) materialand a light scattering agent. The resin material may include, forexample, a photoresist (“PR”) material. The light scattering agent mayinclude, for example, titanium oxide (TiO₂), etc., but the presentdisclosure is not limited thereto.

The first color conversion member 250 a may correspond to a firstsubpixel area (red pixel area) PX1 at which a red light is emitted fromthe display apparatus for displaying the image. The second colorconversion member 250 b may correspond to a second subpixel area (greenpixel area) PX2 at which a green light is emitted from the displayapparatus for displaying the image. The light scattering member 250 cmay correspond to a third subpixel area (blue pixel area) PX3 at which ablue (B) light is emitted from the display apparatus for displaying theimage. Thus, the color control portion 200A may implement a full colorof RGB. An arrangement sequence or method of RGB subpixels PX1, PX2 andPX3 disclosed herein are exemplary and may be variously changed.

The first QD that is included in the first color conversion member 250 amay be a Red-QD, and the second QD that is included in the second colorconversion member 250 b may be a Green-QD. A QD denotes a semiconductorparticle having a nanometer-sized relatively small sphere or a shapesimilar thereto, and may have a size (diameter) of about severalnanometers to about several tens of nanometers. A QD may have amonolithic structure or a core-shell structure. The core-shell structuremay have a single shell or a multi-shell. For instance, the core-shellstructure may include a core part (central body) including or formed ofa first semiconductor and a shell part including or formed of a secondsemiconductor.

A core part (central body) material may include cadmium selenide (CdSe),cadmium telluride (CdTe), cadmium sulfide (CdS), etc. A shell partmaterial may include zinc sulfide (ZnS), etc. Furthermore, anon-cadmium-based QD may be used. In other words, various materials notincluding cadmium (Cd) may be used for a QD. However, the above proposedmaterials are exemplary and other various materials may be used for aQD. In an embodiment, for example, the QD may include at least one ofII-VI group based semiconductor, III-V group based semiconductor, IV-VIgroup based semiconductor and IV group based semiconductor.

Since the QD has a relatively very small size, a quantum confinementeffect may be obtained. When particles are relatively very small,electrons in the particle have a discontinuous energy state by an outerwall of a particle. In this case, as the size of a space in the particledecreases, the energy state of the electrons relatively increases and anenergy band gap increases, which is referred to as the quantumconfinement effect. According to the quantum confinement effect, whenlight such as an infrared ray or a visible ray is incident on QDs, lighthaving a wavelength of various ranges may be generated. The wavelengthof various ranges may be different from a wavelength range of the lightincident to the QDs.

The wavelength of light generated from a QD may be determined based onthe size, material, or structure of a particle (“QD”). In detail, whenlight of a wavelength having energy greater than the energy band gap isincident on a QD, the QD may absorb energy of the light and be excited,and may return to the ground state by emitting light of a specificwavelength. In this case, as the size of a QD (or the core part of theQD) decreases, light of a relatively short wavelength, for example, ablue-based light or a green-based light may be generated. As the size ofa QD (or the core part of the QD) increases, light of a relatively longwavelength, for example, a red-based light may be generated.Accordingly, light of various colors may be implemented depending on thesize of a QD (or the core part of the QD). A QD particle capable ofemitting a green-based light may be referred to as a green light QDparticle (green QD particle), and a QD particle capable of emitting ared-based light may be referred to as a red light QD particle (red QDparticle). In an embodiment, for example, a green light QD particle (orthe core part) may be a particle having a width (diameter) of about 2nanometers (nm) to about 3 nm, and a red light QD particle (or the corepart) may be a particle having a width (diameter) of about 5 nm to about6 nm. The emission wavelength may be adjusted not only by the size(diameter) of a QD, but also by the constituent material and structurethereof.

The substrate material layer 210 of the color control portion 200A mayhave a first refractive index, and the first and second color conversionmembers 250 a and 250 b may have a second refractive index that isgreater than first refractive index. In other words, the substratematerial layer 210 may include or be formed of a material having arelatively low refractive index, and the first and second colorconversion members 250 a and 250 b may include or be formed of amaterial having a relatively high refractive index. In this case,reflection (total reflection) of light may be properly performed at aboundary surface or interface between the substrate material layer 210,and the first and second color conversion members 250 a and 250 b,respectively. Accordingly, in the process of emitting light through thefirst and second color conversion members 250 a and 250 b, colorconversion efficiency and color extraction efficiency may be improved bythe light reflection at the boundary surface.

The first and second color conversion members 250 a and 250 b may serveas an optical waveguide. The substrate material layer 210 may include orbe formed of glass or polymer. Even when there is no partition wall suchas a light-blocking black matrix between the first and second colorconversion members 250 a and 250 b, independent color extraction foreach color may be performed without a color mixing problem.

First light emitted from the light-source substrate portion 100 andincident to the color conversion portion 200A, may have a centerwavelength of about 550 nm or less. In an embodiment, for example, thefirst light may have a center wavelength of about 350 nm or more andabout 550 nm or less. Second light emitted from the first and secondcolor conversion members 250 a and 250 b to exit from the displayapparatus may have energy lower than the first light. In other words,the second light may have a wavelength greater than that of the firstlight. In an embodiment, for example, the second light may have a centerwavelength of about 450 nm or more and about 1200 nm or less. The secondlight may be light of a visible range or an infrared range.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a display apparatus according to amodified embodiment of FIG. 1.

Referring to FIG. 2, a color control portion 200B may be provided on thelight-source substrate portion 100. The color control portion 200B mayinclude a substrate material layer 211 in which a concave portion R11provided in plurality are disposed or formed, and a plurality of colorconversion members 251 a and 251 b respectively provided in the concaveportions R11. The color control portion 200B may further include a lightscattering member 251 c, as necessary.

Compared to the illustration in FIG. 1 in which the concave portions R10penetrate through the substrate material layer 210 to be open at boththe light exit surface of the display apparatus and a light incidentsurface of the color control portion 200A, in the embodiment of FIG. 2,the concave portions R11 may be disposed or formed to a length (ordepth) less than the total thickness of the substrate material layer211. Accordingly, a thickness of each of the color conversion members251 a and 251 b and the light scattering member 251 c in the third(thickness) direction is less than a maximum thickness of the substratematerial layer 211, such that the color conversion members 251 a and 251b and the light scattering member 251 c are spaced apart at an intervalfrom the emission unit 150.

A lower end portion of each of the color conversion members 251 a and251 b and the light scattering member 251 c, which is closest to thelight-source substrate portion 100, may have a round shape and serve asa lens, for example, a microlens. Accordingly, the light emitted fromthe light-source substrate portion 100 and incident to the color controlportion 200B may be properly focused at the color conversion members 251a and 251 b and the light scattering member 251 c, and color conversionand light extraction efficiencies may be improved. In an embodiment, arefractive index of each of the color conversion members 251 a and 251 band the light scattering member 251 c is greater than a refractive indexof the substrate material layer 211. Due to the above difference in therefractive indices, the lower end portion of each of the colorconversion members 251 a and 251 b and the light scattering member 251 cmay perform a lens function more properly.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a display apparatus according toanother modified embodiment of FIG. 1.

Referring to FIG. 3, a color control portion 200C may include asubstrate material layer 212 in which a concave portion R12 provided inplurality are disposed or formed, and a plurality of color conversionmembers 252 a and 252 b respectively provided in the concave portionsR12. The color control portion 200C may further include a lightscattering member 252 c. The concave portions R12 each may have a length(or depth) corresponding to a total thickness of the substrate materiallayer 212. That is, a lower end of each of the color conversion members252 a and 252 b and the light scattering member 252 c may contact theemission unit 150 in the zero dimension, that is, a point contact.Compared to the illustration in FIG. 1, the concave portions R12 havingonly a point contact with the emission unit 150 do not penetrate throughthe substrate material layer 212 and are therefore not open at a lightincident surface of the color control portion 200A,

The substrate material layer 212 of the color control portion 200C mayhave a first surface facing the light-source substrate portion 100 (thatis, a lower surface in the view of FIG. 3), such that each of the colorconversion members 252 a and 252 b may be considered as exposed in thezero dimension at the first surface. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, eachof the first and second color conversion members 250 a and 250 b isexposed two dimensionally, that is, planarly, at a lower surface of thesubstrate material layer 210, and in the embodiment of FIG. 2, the colorconversion members 251 a and 251 b may not be exposed or contacting at alower surface of the substrate material layer 211. Accordingly, theembodiments of FIGS. 1 to 3 described above have structural and opticaldifferences.

In the embodiments of FIGS. 1 to 3, the light-source substrate portion100 is sectioned into the subpixel areas PX1, PX2 and PX3. Each of theconcave portions R10, R11 or R12 may be provided in one-to-onecorrespondence with the subpixel areas PX1, PX2 and PX3, but theinvention is not limited thereto. In this case, light loss may bereduced or effectively prevented.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are cross-sectional views for explaining an opticalwaveguide and light extraction principle using a color conversion memberapplicable to display apparatuses according to embodiments. FIG. 4Aillustrates a color conversion member 250 as described with reference toFIG. 1, and FIG. 4B illustrates a color conversion member 251 asdescribed with reference to FIG. 2. Lines extending within the colorconversion members 250 and 251 exemplarily indicate paths of light.

Referring to FIG. 4A, while being totally reflected in the colorconversion member 250, light from the light-source substrate portion 100(upward arrow in FIG. 4A) may travel upward with the color conversionmember 250 and be emitted therefrom. The total reflection may beperformed based on the structure and/or shape of each of the concaveportions R10 and a refractive index condition between the colorconversion member 250 and the substrate material layer 210.

Referring to FIG. 4B, a lower end portion of the color conversion member251 may focus light from the light-source substrate portion 100 (upwardarrow in FIG. 4B) like a lens, and light may proceed in the colorconversion member 251 while being totally reflected therein. The lensand total reflection effect may be obtained from the structure and/orshape of the concave portions R11 and the refractive index condition ofthe color conversion member 251 and the substrate material layer 211.

As explained with reference to FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B, according to one ormore embodiment, while light loss is reduced, the color conversion andlight extraction efficiencies by the color conversion members 250 and251 may be improved. In addition, directivity of light from the colorconversion members 250 and 251 in a direction perpendicular to thelight-source substrate portion 100 may be improved.

FIG. 5 is a view for explaining a problem of a QD color filter (QD-CF) 5according to a comparative example.

Referring to FIG. 5, the QD-CF 5 according to the comparative examplemay have a problem of extracting light so as to define extraction oflight at a relatively low efficiency of about 50% with respect to 100%of light incident thereto. Since the emission at the QD-CF 5 isgenerally performed in an isotropic direction, light emitted in anupward direction as the isotropic direction may be merely about 50%.Light from a lower light source is not all utilized or absorbed by theQD-CF 5, and thus part of the light may be lost. Furthermore, since ascattering agent for light scattering is used, transmittance may belowered even more by the scattering agent and external light reflectionmay be undesirably increased.

FIG. 6 illustrates a light efficiency improvement effect by a colorconversion member 250 according to one or more embodiment.

Referring to FIG. 6, the color conversion member 250 according to one ormore embodiment, which includes QDs, may extract light by converting thelight at an efficiency of about 80% or more with respect to 100% oflight incident thereto. The color conversion member 250 may have astructure by which light is more focused and properly guided in one ormore desired directions. When an optical path in the color conversionmember 250 is extended therein, the content of a light scattering agentmay be reduced or the light scattering agent may be unnecessary, andthus transmittance may be improved and the external light reflectionproblem may be obviated. When the color conversion member 250 accordingto one or more embodiment is used, a light extraction efficiency ofabout 70% or more or about 80% or more with respect to 100% of lightincident to the color conversion member 250 may be obtained.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a display apparatus according toanother embodiment.

Referring to FIG. 7, a color control portion 200D may be provided on thelight-source substrate portion 100. The color control portion 200D mayinclude a substrate material layer 213 in which a concave portion R13provided in plurality are disposed or formed, and a plurality of colorconversion members 253 a and 253 b respectively provided in the concaveportions R13. The color control portion 200D may further include a lightscattering member 253 c.

In this state, the concave portions R13 may have a shape different fromeach of the concave portions R10 of FIG. 1. Each of the concave portionsR13 may have a “first portion” and a “second portion,” and the firstportion may be arranged closer to the light-source substrate portion 100than the second portion. With respect to a point A, a lower portion ofthe concave portions R13 from the point A to a point closest to thelight-source substrate portion 100 may correspond to the first portion,and an upper portion of the concave portions R13 from the point A to apoint furthest from the light-source substrate portion 100 maycorrespond to the second portion.

The first portion may have a shape where a width of the first portiondecreases in a direction toward the light-source substrate portion 100.In an embodiment, for example, the first portion the concave portionsR13 may have a cross-sectional shape that is any one of a pyramid, atapered hexagonal column and a cone, or a shape similar thereto. Thepyramid and cone may be arranged upside down and may have a partiallycut-away structure to omit the apex point portion of the pyramid orcone. The second portion the concave portions R13 may have a shape suchas rectangular column, a hexagonal column or a circular column. However,the shape and structure the first and second portions, which areproposed herein, may be exemplary and variously changed. Even in thiscase, referring to the above discussions for FIG. 1, FIG. 2 and FIG. 3,a width change rate of the first portion may be greater than a widthchange rate of the second portion.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a display apparatus according tostill another embodiment. The characteristics and features of theembodiments in FIGS. 1 to 3 may be variously applied to same or similarcharacteristics and features of the embodiment in FIG. 8.

Referring to FIG. 8, a color control portion 200E may be provided on alight-source substrate portion 1008. The light-source substrate portion1008 may include a substrate layer 115 and an emission unit 155 which isprovided on the substrate layer 115. The emission unit 155 may besectioned by a pixel defining layer 135 into a plurality of areas, suchas a plurality of light-emitting areas. The light-source substrateportion 1008 may include a first subpixel area PX1′, a second subpixelarea PX2′ and a third subpixel area PX3′.

The color control portion 200E may include a substrate material layer215, and a plurality of concave portions R15 may be disposed or formedin the substrate material layer 215. In the present embodiment, a groupof the concave portions R15 may be arranged at positions correspondingto each of the subpixel areas PX1′, PX2′ and PX3. When the concaveportion R15 corresponding to the first subpixel area PX1′ is a firstconcave portion and the concave portion R15 corresponding to the secondsubpixel area PX2′ is a second concave portion, a plurality of firstconcave portions R15 (a group thereof) may be disposed or formed tocorrespond to the first subpixel area PX1′ and a plurality of secondconcave portions R15 (a group thereof) may be disposed or formed tocorrespond to the second subpixel area PX2′. Similarly, when the concaveportion R15 corresponding to the third subpixel area PX3′ is a thirdconcave portion, a plurality of third concave portions R15 (a groupthereof) may be disposed or formed to correspond to the third subpixelarea PX3′. In this state, the first concave portions R15 may be arrangedsuch that two adjacent first concave portions R15 contact each other ata vertically-extended boundary between the two adjacent first concaveportions R15. That is, the adjacent first concave portions R15 may forman interface therebetween. Such a structure may be identically appliedto the second concave portions and the third concave portions of thefirst subpixel area PX2′ and the third subpixel area PX3′.

Furthermore, within the color control portion 200E, in a direction alongthe light source-substrate portion 100, the group of the first concaveportions and the group of the second concave portions may be spacedapart from each other, and the group of the second concave portions andthe group of the third concave portions may be spaced apart from eachother. In other words, the group of the concave portions R15 disposed orformed in the first subpixel area PX1′ may contact each other, the groupof the concave portions R15 disposed or formed in the second subpixelarea PX2′ may contact each other, and the group of the concave portionsR15 disposed or formed in the third subpixel area PX3′ may contact eachother. However, the group of the concave portions R15 disposed or formedin the first subpixel area PX1′ and the group of the concave portionsR15 disposed or formed in the second subpixel area PX2′ may be spacedapart from each other, and the group of the concave portions R15disposed or formed in the second subpixel area PX2′ and the group of theconcave portions R15 disposed or formed in the third subpixel area PX3′may be spaced apart from each other.

A first color conversion member 255 a may be provided in the group ofthe concave portions R15 of the first subpixel area PX1′. A second colorconversion member 255 b may be provided in the group of the concaveportions R15 of the second subpixel area PX2′. A light scattering member255 c or a light transmission member may be provided in the group of theconcave portions R15 of the third subpixel area PX3′. A single one ofthe first color conversion member 255 a, the second color conversionmember 255 b and the light scattering member 255 c or a lighttransmission member is common to each concave portion R15 within therespective group thereof. The first color conversion member 255 a mayinclude the first QD, and the second color conversion member 255 b mayinclude the second QD.

A width of the subpixel areas PX1′, PX2′ and PX3′ and each of the firstcolor conversion member 255 a, the second color conversion member 255 band the light scattering member 255 c is considered in the horizontaldirection of the view in FIG. 8. The widths of the overall first colorconversion member 255 a, the second color conversion member 255 b andthe light scattering member 255 c are substantially the same as those ofthe subpixel areas PX1′, PX2′ and PX3′, respectively. As such, the firstcolor conversion member 255 a, the second color conversion member 255 band the light scattering member 255 c overlaps substantially an entiretyof the subpixel areas PX1′, PX2′ and PX3′, respectively. Since the firstcolor conversion member 255 a entirely covers the first subpixel areaPX1′ and has a structure of a plurality of lenses (microlens) at a lowerportion thereof, light loss may be reduced or effectively prevented andconversion and extraction efficiencies may be improved. This isidentically applied to the second color conversion member 255 b.

A width of each individual one of the concave portions R15 within agroup thereof may have a width less than the width of each of theconcave portions R10, R11 and R12 described with reference to FIGS. 1 to3. In FIG. 8, each of the individual concave portions R15 may have awidth of about 10 nm to about several tens of micrometers (μm). Each ofthe individual concave portions R10, R11 and R12 in FIGS. 1 to 3 mayhave a width of about several tens of nanometers to about severalhundreds of micrometers. Accordingly, each of the individual concaveportions R10, R11, R12 and R15 used in the embodiments may have a widthof about 10 nm to about several hundreds of micrometers. In anembodiment, for example, each of the individual concave portions R10,R11, R12 and R15 may have a width of about 10 nm to about 200micrometers or about 20 nm to about 100 micrometers.

According to a modified embodiment of FIG. 8, color conversion members255 a and 255 b and the light scattering member 255 c may protrude abovethe substrate material layer 215. An example thereof is illustrated inFIG. 9.

Referring to FIG. 9, color conversion members 256 a and 256 b and alight scattering member 256 c of a color control portion 200F may extendfrom within the substrate material layer 215 to protrude above thesubstrate material layer 215. Thicknesses and heights of the colorconversion members 256 a and 256 b and the light scattering member 256 cwithin a same color control portion 200F may be appropriately adjusted.That is, a thickness of the protruding portion of these elements,referenced from an upper surface of the substrate material layer 215 maybe appropriately adjusted. The uppermost surface of the protruding thecolor conversion members 256 a and 256 b and the light scattering member256 c may form the light exit surface of the display apparatus togetherwith the upper surface of the substrate material layer 215 without beinglimited thereto. Vertical sides of the protruding the color conversionmembers 256 a and 256 b and the light scattering member 256 c, which areconnected to each other by the respective uppermost surfaces thereof,may further form the light exit surface of the display apparatustogether with the upper surface of the substrate material layer 215without being limited thereto. If necessary, the thicknesses of at leasttwo of the color conversion members 256 a and 256 b and the lightscattering member 256 c may be disposed or formed to be different fromeach other, such that a height of the protruding portion of theseelements may be different from each other relative to the upper surfaceof the substrate material layer 215.

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a detailed configuration of adisplay apparatus according to an embodiment. The characteristics andfeatures of the previous embodiments may be variously applied to same orsimilar characteristics and features of the embodiment in FIG. 10.

Referring to FIG. 10, a first electrode layer including a plurality offirst electrodes 20 a, 20 b and 20 c may be provided on a firstsubstrate 10. The first substrate 10 may include a plurality of thinfilm transistors (“TFTs”; not shown), and the TFTs within the firstsubstrate 10 may be respectively electrically connected to one or moreof a first electrode among the first electrodes 20 a, 20 b and 20 c. Thefirst electrodes 20 a, 20 b and 20 c may be conductive elementspatterned to correspond to respective subpixel areas. The firstelectrodes 20 a, 20 b and 20 c may include or be formed of a transparentelectrode material such as Indium tin oxide (“ITO”), or metal or a metalcompound. The TFTs may be control or switching elements with which thesubpixel areas are controlled or driven to display an image and/orgenerate light for displaying the image.

A pixel defining layer 30 for delimiting subpixel areas may be providedon the first substrate 10 and on the first electrodes 20 a, 20 b, and 20c. The pixel defining layer 30 may have or define an opening exposingone or more of the first electrodes 20 a, 20 b and 20 c. The pixeldefining layer 30 may include or be formed of an insulating material.

An emission unit 40 may be provided in plurality on the subpixel areasthat are delimited by the pixel defining layer 30. The emission unit 40may be, for example, an OLED device. In this case, the emission unit 40may include an emission layer including an organic-based light emittingmaterial. The emission unit 40 may include a hole transport layerprovided between the emission layer, and the first electrodes 20 a, 20 band 20 c, respectively, and an electron transport layer provided on theemission layer. Furthermore, the emission unit 40 may further include atleast one of a hole injection layer and an electron injection layer.

A second electrode 60 may be provided on the emission unit 40. Ifnecessary, an interlayer insulating layer 50 may be further provided onthe pixel defining layer 30 to surround the emission unit 40 in a topplan view (e.g., a view along the thickness direction of the planedefined by the first and second directions). The first electrodes 20 a,20 b and 20 c may serve as an anode and the second electrode 60 mayserve as a cathode, and vice versa. The anode and cathode may beportions of an OLED device.

The elements from the first substrate 10 to the second electrode 60 maybe referred to as a light-source substrate portion P10. The light-sourcesubstrate portion P10 may be an OLED substrate. A device portion fromthe first electrodes 20 a, 20 b and 20 c to the second electrode 60 maybe referred to as a light-source device portion (OLED device portion).The light-source substrate portion P10 may be a top-surface emissiondevice which emits light from an upper surface thereof. The uppersurface of the light-source substrate portion P10 may be defined by thesecond electrode 60, without being limited thereto.

A color control portion P20 may be provided on an upper surface of thelight-source substrate portion P10. The color control portion P20 mayinclude a second substrate 70 including a concave portion R1 provided inplurality within the second substrate 70, and first and second colorconversion members 80 a and 80 b and a light scattering member 80 crespectively provided in the concave portions R1. The first colorconversion member 80 a may include a first quantum dot QD-1, and thesecond color conversion member 80 b may include a second quantum dotQD-2. The concave portions R1 and the color conversion members 80 a and80 b may be the same as or similar to the concave portions and the colorconversion members described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3 and 7 to 9,and may be variously changed.

When the light-source substrate portion P10 is an OLED substrate, theOLED substrate may be any one of a blue-OLED substrate, a white-OLEDsubstrate and a cyan-OLED substrate. In an embodiment, for example, theOLED substrate may be a device including one blue emission layer, adevice including each of a blue emission layer and a sky-blue emissionlayer, a device including each of a blue emission layer and a greenemission layer, a device including each of a blue emission layer, agreen emission layer and a yellow emission layer, or a device includingeach of a blue emission layer, a green emission layer and a red emissionlayer. However, an emission color and a detailed structure of the OLEDsubstrate are not limited thereto and may be changed.

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a detailed configuration of adisplay apparatus according to another embodiment. The characteristicsand features of the previous embodiments may be variously applied tosame or similar characteristics and features of the embodiment in FIG.11.

Referring to FIG. 11, a color control portion P15 may include asubstrate 15 in which a concave portion R2 provided in plurality aredisposed or formed, and color conversion members 25 a and 25 b and alight scattering member 25 c respectively provided in the concaveportions R2.

By using the color control portion P15 as a (base) substrate, alight-source device portion (light-source substrate portion) P25 may bedisposed or formed thereon. The substrate 15 is common to each of thecolor control portion P15 and the light-source device portion P25. Thelight-source device portion P25 may include a plurality of firstelectrodes 35 a, 35 b and 35 c, a pixel defining layer 45, an emissionunit 55, an interlayer insulating layer 65, and a second electrode 75,which are provided on the substrate 15. The structure of these elementsmay be similar to the structure described with reference to FIG. 10. Inthe present embodiment, the light-source device portion P25 may be arear-surface emission device which emits light from a lower surfacethereof. The lower surface of the light-source substrate portion P25 maybe defined by the first electrodes 35 a, 35 b, and 35 c and the pixeldefining layer 45, without being limited thereto. The structures andmaterials of the first electrodes 35 a, 35 b and 35 c, the emission unit55, and the second electrode 75 may be selected for the rear-surfaceemission. In an embodiment, for example, the second electrode 75 mayserve as a reflection plate, and the first electrodes 35 a, 35 b and 35c may be transparent. The color control portion P15 may be arranged on arear surface (lower surface) of the light-source device portion P25.

In the present embodiment, since the color control portion P15 is formedwith the substrate 15 and the light-source device portion P25 is formedon the same substrate 15 which forms a portion of the color controlportion P15, the display apparatus may be formed by using only onesubstrate that is the substrate 15. Accordingly, a display apparatususing only one substrate common to each of the color control portion P15and the light-source device portion P25 may be advantageous in terms ofmanufacturing process or costs of the display apparatus.

FIGS. 12A to 12C are cross-sectional views of a method of manufacturinga display apparatus, according to an embodiment. The present embodimentmay be an example of a method of manufacturing the display apparatus ofFIG. 11, without being limited thereto. The characteristics and featuresof the previous embodiments may be variously applied to same or similarcharacteristics and features of the embodiment in FIGS. 12A to 12C.

Referring to FIG. 12A, a concave portion R3 may be formed in a substrate16. Portions of the substrate 16 define the concave portions R3. Theconcave portions R3 may be formed by using any one of a number ofmethods suitable for forming the concave portions R3. In an embodiment,for example, the concave portions R3 may be formed by an imprintinglithography process. When the imprinting lithography process is used,the shape of the concave portions R3 may be easily controlled. However,the formation method of the concave portions R3 is not limited to theimprinting lithography, and may be changed. The concave portions R3 maybe formed by a general etching process or other methods.

Referring to FIG. 12B, a plurality of color conversion members 26 a and26 b and a light scattering member 26 c may be disposed or formed in theconcave portions R3. The color conversion members 26 a and 26 b may beformed by filling the concave portions R3 with a combination ofphotoresist PR, QDs and a light scattering agent, and then curing thesame. The light scattering member 26 c may be formed by filling theconcave portions R3 with a combination of the photoresist PR and thelight scattering agent and then curing the same. Since the concaveportions R3 serves as a kind of mold, the color conversion members 26 aand 26 b and the light scattering member 26 c may be easily formed. Assuch, a shape of the color conversion members 26 a and 26 b and thelight scattering member 26 c is defined by a shape of a respectiveconcave portion R3. A surface of the color conversion members 26 a and26 b and the light scattering member 26 c may be coplanar with a surfaceof the substrate 16, without being limited thereto. In an embodiment,one or more of the color conversion members 26 a and 26 b and the lightscattering member 26 c may extend further than the surface of thesubstrate 16 to protrude therefrom. The light scattering member 26 c maybe replaced with a light transmission member having no scatteringfunction or no color-converting function as discussed above.

Referring to FIG. 12C, when the substrate 16 of FIG. 12B is turnedupside down, the light-source device portion P25 described with respectto FIG. 11 may be disposed or formed on the substrate 16. Thelight-source device portion P25 shown in FIG. 12C may include firstelectrodes 36 a, 36 b and 36 c, a pixel defining layer 46, an emissionunit 56, an interlayer insulating layer 66 and a second electrode 76.

In one or more of the above-identified embodiments, while a case offorming one overall pixel area by using three subpixel areas is mainlydescribed, the configuration and arrangement method of the subpixelareas may be vary. In this regard, the color control portion may includethe first color conversion member including the first QD, the secondcolor conversion member including the second QD and the third colorconversion member including the third QD. Furthermore, the color controlportion may further include a blank area at which incident light is notcolor-converted. In addition, the color control portion may have variouscolor arrangement methods such as RGB, RGBW, etc.

The display apparatuses according to one or more of the above-describedembodiments may be applied to a variety of electronic apparatuses. Inembodiments, for example, the display apparatuses may be usefullyapplied to relatively compact electronic apparatuses such as portableelectronic devices or wearable electronic devices, and to relativelymedium or large sized electronic apparatuses such as home appliances. Inembodiments, for example, the display apparatuses may be used for avariety of displays such as televisions (“TVs”), electronic devicemonitors or display screens, mobile devices, etc.

Although there are many detailed descriptions in the above description,they should be interpreted to be examples of detailed embodiments,rather than to be limitations of the scope of right. For example, onehaving ordinary skill in the art would understand that the structuresand features of the display apparatuses described with reference toFIGS. 1 to 3 and FIGS. 7 to 11, may be modified in various ways. Thus,it should be understood that embodiments described herein should beconsidered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes oflimitation. While one or more embodiments have been described withreference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinaryskill in the art that various changes in form and details may be madetherein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by thefollowing claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A display apparatus comprising: a light-source substrate portion which generates light; and a color control portion to which the generated light from the light-source substrate portion is incident and at which color of the generated light is adjusted to define a color-converted light having a color different from that of the generated light, wherein the color control portion comprises: an exit surface through which the color-converted light exits the color control portion; a substrate comprising a plurality of concave portions defined therein, each of the concave portions comprising: a first portion and a second portion in order in a direction from the light-source substrate portion to the exit surface of the color control portion, a width of the first portion and the second portion taken in a direction along the light-source substrate portion, and in the direction from the light-source substrate portion to the exit surface of the color control portion; the width of the first portion increasing, and the width of the second portion substantially constant; and a plurality of color conversion members respectively in the plurality of concave portions, the color conversion members each comprising a color-converting material which converts the color of the generated light to the color of the color-converted light, wherein each of the concave portions is concaved toward the light-source substrate portion.
 2. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein as a distance to the light-source substrate portion decreases along the direction from the light-source substrate portion to the exit surface of the color control portion, the width of the first portion decreases to define a width change rate of the first portion, and the width change rate of the first portion is greater than a width change rate of the second portion.
 3. The display apparatus of claim 2, wherein in cross-section the first portion has a round shape.
 4. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of concave portions has a shape of any one of a microlens, a pyramid, a tapered hexagonal column and a cone.
 5. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light-source substrate portion comprises a plurality of subpixel areas at which the color-converted light is emitted to display an image, and the plurality of concave portions of the color control portion are disposed in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of subpixel areas of the light-source substrate portion.
 6. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light-source substrate portion comprises a plurality of subpixel areas at which the color-converted light is emitted to display an image, the plurality of concave portions comprise a plurality of first concave portions each corresponding to a same first subpixel area, and within the same first subpixel area, two adjacent first concave portions contact each other.
 7. The display apparatus of claim 6, wherein the plurality of concave portions further comprise a plurality of second concave portions each corresponding to a same second subpixel area, the same second subpixel area being sequentially arranged with the first subpixel area within the light-source substrate portion, the plurality of first concave portions together forms a group thereof within the same first subpixel area and the plurality of second concave portions together forms a group thereof within the same second subpixel area, and within the substrate of the color control portion, the group of the plurality of first concave portions and the group of the plurality of second concave portions are spaced apart from each other.
 8. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the color control portion further comprises an incident surface through which the generated light is incident to the color control portion, an upper surface of the substrate includes the exit surface and a lower surface of the substrate includes the incident surface, upper ends of the plurality of concave portions coincide with the upper surface of the substrate, and along the direction from the light-source substrate portion to the exit surface of the color control portion, lower ends of the plurality of concave portions which are closest to the light-source substrate portion are spaced apart from the light-source substrate portion.
 9. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein within the color control portion: the substrate has a first refractive index, and the plurality of color conversion members have a second refractive index, the second refractive index being greater than the first refractive index.
 10. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of color conversion members comprise: a first color-converting material including a first quantum dot which converts the color of the generated light from the light-source substrate portion to red light, and a second color-converting material a second quantum dot which converts the color of the generated light from the light-source substrate portion to green light.
 11. The display apparatus of claim 1, the color control portion further comprises a light scattering member or a light transmission member in a concave portion different from the plurality of concave portions in which the plurality of color conversion members are disposed, wherein each of the light scattering member and the light transmission member does not color-convert the generated light from the light-source substrate portion.
 12. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light-source substrate portion comprises an organic light emitting device substrate which generates the light, and the organic light emitting device substrate comprises any one of a blue-organic light emitting device substrate which generates blue light, a white-organic light emitting device substrate which generates white light, and a cyan-organic light emitting device substrate which generates cyan light.
 13. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light-source substrate portion comprises an organic light emitting device, an inorganic light-emitting device or a backlight unit which generates the light.
 14. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the generated light from the light-source substrate portion has a center wavelength of about 550 nanometers or less, and the color-converted light from the plurality of color conversion members has a center wavelength of about 450 nanometers or more and about 1200 nanometers or less.
 15. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light-source substrate portion comprises a first substrate on which is disposed a light-source device portion with which the light-source substrate portion is driven to generate the light, the substrate of the color control portion is a second substrate different from the first substrate of the light-source substrate, and the light-source device portion of the light-source substrate is disposed between the first substrate thereof and the second substrate of the color control portion.
 16. A display apparatus comprising, a light-source substrate portion which generates light; and a color control portion to which the generated light from the light-source substrate portion is incident and at which color of the generated light is adjusted to define a color-converted light having a color different from that of the generated light, wherein the color control portion comprises an exit surface through which the color-converted light exits the color control portion; an incident surface through which the generated light is incident to the color control portion, a substrate comprising: an upper surface including the exit surface and a lower surface including the incident surface, and a plurality of concave portions defined therein, each of the concave portions concaved toward the light-source substrate portion and open to outside the color control portion at the exit surface thereof, and a plurality of color conversion members respectively in the plurality of concave portions, the color conversion members each comprising a color-converting material which converts the color of the generated light to the color of the color-converted light, upper ends of the plurality of concave portions coincide with the upper surface of the substrate, and lower ends of the plurality of concave portions which are closest to the light-source substrate portion meet the light-source substrate portion at a zero dimension point or at a two-dimensional area.
 17. A display apparatus comprising, a light-source substrate portion which generates light; and a color control portion to which the generated light from the light-source substrate portion is incident and at which color of the generated light is adjusted to define a color-converted light having a color different from that of the generated light, wherein the color control portion comprises: an exit surface through which the color-converted light exits the color control portion, a substrate comprising a plurality of concave portions defined therein, each of the concave portions concaved toward the light-source substrate portion and open to outside the color control portion at the exit surface thereof; and a plurality of color conversion members respectively in the plurality of concave portions, the color conversion members each comprising a color-converting material which converts the color of the generated light to the color of the color-converted light, the light-source substrate portion comprises a first substrate on which is disposed a light-source device portion with which the light-source substrate portion is driven to generate the light, and the first substrate of the light-source substrate portion is the substrate of the color control portion.
 18. A display apparatus comprising: an organic light emitting device panel which generates light; and a color control portion to which the generated light from the organic light emitting device panel is incident and at which color of the generated light is adjusted to define a color-converted light having a color different from that of the generated light, wherein the color control portion comprises: an exit surface through which the color-converted light exits the color control portion; a substrate comprising a plurality of concave portions defined therein, each of the concave portions comprising, a first portion and a second portion in order in a direction from the organic light emitting device panel to the exit surface of the color control portion; a width of the first portion and the second portion taken in a direction along the organic light emitting device panel, and in the direction from the organic light emitting device panel to the exit surface of the color control portion; the width of the first portion increasing, and the width of the second portion substantially constant; and a plurality of color conversion members respectively in the plurality of concave portions, the color conversion members each comprising a color-converting material which converts the color of the generated light to the color of the color-converted light, the organic light emitting device panel comprises a plurality of subpixel areas at which the color-converted light is emitted to display an image, and the plurality of concave portions of the color control portion are disposed in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of subpixel areas of the organic light emitting device panel, wherein each of the concave portions is concaved toward the organic light emitting device panel.
 19. The display apparatus of claim 18, wherein the first portion is closer to the organic light emitting device panel than the second portion, and as a distance to the organic light emitting device panel decreases along the direction from the organic light emitting device panel to the exit surface of the color control portion, the width of the first portion decreases to define a width change rate of the first portion, and the width change rate of the first portion is greater than a width change rate of the second portion. 